土木工程的主要科目

NBD8669

让我先简单的介绍下自己，我是刚从uniten国能大学毕业的，是土木工程系的，花了五年的时间。不懂个位大大是否经历过这种经验，每拿一次新的科目，一开始时是完全不懂是要教什么的，objective又何在呢！就当end of semester时，才会开始领悟一点点，那时会不会有点迟呢！在这里，我是想要分享下我的这五年的经验，讨论下主要科目的重点和所需知的知识。在我大学的科目可能会有一点点和其它的不一样，但大家不仿拿来参考下，或是也分享下你们主要科目，让其他的学弟学妹们有个指南。

在我大学的主要科目：
1）ENGINEERING MECHANICS I : STATICS
2）GEOLOGY
3）CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
4）MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
5）SURVEYING FOR ENGINEERS
6）MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
7）CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY
8）WATER & WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
9）SOIL MECHANICS I
10）PROJECT MANAGEMENT & CONSTRUCTION
11）STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS I
12）STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN I
13）TRANSPORTATION & HIGHWAY  ENGINEERING
14）HYDROLOGY & HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
15）SOIL MECHANICS II
16）FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
17）STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II
18）REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN I
19）REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN II

我所拿的elective subjects
1)INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
2)ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
3)GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

ps : 希望个位大大可以给点时间我慢慢的讲出我每一科的经验。

NBD8669

简单来讲statics可是当我们从foundation subject进入core subject的最重要科目。这个科目主要是解释到当forces和loadings打在beams , trusses之内的东西会产生什么的效果。在我们可要学会怎样看free body diagrams , 算出equation of equilibrium , 要学会画shear force diagram和bending moment diagram。我最有印象的是许多的lecturers和consultant老板跟我说how come a student cgpa 3.6 and above also don't know how to stretch out the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram.由此可见，这一科可是土木工程师的地基，底牌一不好的话，就没有了好印象。在后面的structural科目里，可不能缺少的知识。






例子1

Fundamental concepts of mechanics, force systems and couples, free body diagrams, and equilibrium of particles and rigid bodies. Distributed forces; centroids and centre of gravity of lines, areas, and volumes. Second moment of area, volumes, and masses. Principle axes and principle moment of inertia. Friction and the laws of dry friction. Introduction to kinematics of particles. Application to structures and machine elements, such as bars, beams, trusses and friction devices.

NBD8669

在这科目里，我是真的一头雾水。有半个semester是用来看石头，我们的test就是写出lecturer所给的石头名称和种类。有整百种石头要背，真的是辛苦。主要的三种石头：igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic。在后半个semester里。我就学到一些比较知识一点的东西，就例如，一个地区或是一座山里的石头结构是怎样的，分成几个layers，要analysis 他的slope stability。要是做tunnel的话，要知道那一个layer的strength会比较强，这样就可以tunnel里的石头就不会倒塌下来。

有关mineral stone的网址
有关rock的网址


Physical geology: Minerals. Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic rocks. Geologic time. Plate Tectonics and mountain building process. Engineering geology: Stratigraphy. Geologic structures. Surface processes: weathering, erosion and soil. Groundwater. Geologic materials used in construction. Site investigation and engineering geological maps.

[ 本帖最后由 NBD8669 于 27-4-2006 04:34 PM 编辑 ]

NBD8669

这个科目是主攻concrete的strength。让我们更清楚concrete的来源和功能。这科是分为lectures和laboratory的。在lectures方面，我们所需学的是所有有cement,aggregates和steel的功能和资料。cement是比较有关chemical的东西和种类。aggregates就可以分为两种，fine和course。fine gain的soil主要是clay和silt。而course gain的是sand和gravel。在lab里，我们会把soil用sieve shaker来分类的。此外，我们还需知道steel和timber的东西。在lab要学会的东西是如何制造出concrete。用多少cement,aggregate和水的分量，那去concrete mixer搅，来做多个cube。分别在一天，7天，14天，28天来test它的strength之类的东西。它的过程真的可以学到很多的东西。曾经有个lecturer和我说过，我们在lab里做lab test是外面都找不到这样便宜的了，因为我们做出的concrete cube是要用昂贵的机器来test的。价钱介于几十千到几百千左右。在外面的一个test是要几千块左右。


Cement: types of cement, Portland cement, production, composition, characteristics, tests on cement properties. Aggregates: classification, characteristics, gradation, strength, tests on aggregate properties. Concrete: concrete mix, tests for fresh concrete mix, workability of fresh concrete, shotcrete, concrete admixtures, strength of concrete, aspects of hardened concrete, tests for hardened concrete. Bituminous materials: asphalt refining, uses and properties; asphalt cement physical tests, asphalt cement grading system, rheological properties and pavement performance. Steel: steel classifications, production, properties, types of steel used in the construction industry. Timber: timber classification, production, properties, types of timber used in the construction industry.

NBD8669

这一科是比较偏向mechanical的科目。要学会的东西不多，要明白stress和strain这两个term。stress是像压力这样的东西（Force/area)。strain的解释是它经过compress还是tension force后的变形数量和原本的数量的ratio,所以它是dimensionless的。这科也是有lab experiment的，我们都是做一些和civil无关的东西，唯一让我想起的是strength testing of steel。用机器夹紧铁子的尾段，然后就用适当的tensile force来拉断铁子。我是对这科目没好感的，因为lecturer是不会教书的。我只记得很多的stress-strain curve的graphs。此外，我们也可以学到简单的theory of Mohr’s Circle。



Stress is defined as force per unit area. It has the same units as pressure, and in fact pressure is one special variety of stress. However, stress is a much more complex quantity than pressure because it varies both with direction and with the surface it acts on.

Strain is defined as the amount of deformation an object experiences compared to its original size and shape. For example, if a block 10 cm on a side is deformed so that it becomes 9 cm long, the strain is (10-9)/10 or 0.1 (sometimes expressed in percent, in this case 10 percent.) Note that strain is dimensionless.


Concepts of stress, strain; equations of equilibrium and compatibility; mechanical properties; stress strain laws; extension; torsion; and bending of bars; beam theory; combined stresses; columns and selected topics.

[ 本帖最后由 NBD8669 于 27-4-2006 09:21 PM 编辑 ]

NBD8669

简单来讲这科是surveyor所要学的东西。surveyor简称为土地测量师，也就是测量土地的高低和斜度。我们要知道的equipments也只有三个，那就是total station,theodolites和levelling。所需要知道的是要知道它们的功能，如何setting up,如何计算results等等。这科是比较注重lab的，让我们从practical学习。

levelling是测量两的points的different vertical height。
一些相关的网站1
一些相关的网站2


theodolites则是测量both horizontal and vertical angles的。
一些相关的网站


total station是一架非常昂贵的instrument，在我印象中，我们学生是没什么机会可以接触到的。它主要的功能是能测量horizontal and vertical angles和两个points的distance。
一些相关的网站



当我们得到所有的results,我们就可以从每一个point的level来画出contour line。



Surveying concepts : principles and use of surveys, geodetic survey, plane survey, operations in surveying, units of measurements, drawing of surveying. Basic survey measurements: observations and errors, distance measurements, vertical distance measurements (leveling), angle and direction measurement, combined distance and angular measurement. Survey operations: traverse, methods for horizontal positioning, global positioning system. Type of surveys: control and topographic surveying, route surveying, construction surveying, land surveys , curve ranging: horizontal curve, vertical curve.

NBD8669

fluids可以出现在在两种情况，liquid state和solid。当水结成冰时，就是solid了，没什么可以深入了解。liquid state就不同，当fluid受到压力时，就会产生statics and dynamics，这就是这科的重点了。首先我们要了解fluid的density和viscosity。

The density of a substance is the quantity of matter contained in a unit volume of the substance
Viscosity is the property of a fluid, due to cohesion and interaction between molecules, which offers resistance to sheer deformation. Different fluids deform at different rates under the same shear stress. Fluid with a high viscosity such as syrup, deforms more slowly than fluid with a low viscosity such as water.

当然我们需深入了解fluid statics和fluid dynamics。
fluid statics简单来讲是当fluid没有移动的时候（at the rest),在遇到压力会有什么的前后反应。
fluid dynamics就是fluid在移动时（in motion)，就会产生不一样的flow。
Steady/unsteady uniform/non-uniform compressible/incompressible flow
Laminar and turbulent flow， Transitional flow



Fluid as continuum, velocity filed, fluid statics, conservation laws for systems and control volumes, dimensional analysis and similarity, viscous flow, boundary layers, incompressible flow, compressible flow, open channels and turbo-machinery

Andrew

楼主真的是花了不少心机

我看要 print 下来了

谢谢

NBD8669

在前半个semester里，我们是要学会用手铅笔将一些图案画在A2纸上。所需的工具分别是不同区别的铅笔，例如HB,2B等等的。不同的等级有不同的功用的，例如：HB是用在写字的。要具备极自己的DRAWING BOARD。这也考画画的天分的，给的是PLAN VIEW的图，画完就要画SIDE VIEW和FRONT VIEW。这也要考我们的手工，看是否精细。这可是对我们往后的detailing有很大的帮助。在后半个semester里，我就开始学到如何用autoCAD这software。可能我的时间不充足，我只是学到简单的东西，画出简单的plan view图。autoCAD不是对每个人很重要，不过要进consultant firm的话，多多少少都要会点才好。





Graphic language, engineering drawing and drafting, general principles, drawing equipments and media, basic line works, lettering, dimensioning and scales. Views, sections and conventions, shape description by views; orthographic projections; isometric projections and drawings; auxiliary views; sections; perspective views, one-point and two-point perspective. Civil engineering drawings, symbols and abbreviations, plans, sections and structural grids, working drawings, structural key-plan, reinforcement detailing, structural steel detailing. Computer-aided drawing and drafting, preparation of drawing using computer program, e.g., AutoCAD.

等待验证会员

好帖

值得顶一顶

NBD8669

这科可份分为两个部分，water和waste water。

water主要是讲水里的成分，水的quality和造自来水的过程。
水里的chemical成分，例如它的compound,pH,hydrogen等等东西。
水里的biology成分,都是讲bacteria和virus多点，bacteria也可分为好和坏的。
水的quality，我们会进行lab test来化验，例如jar test,turbility,color等等。
造自来水的过程都是跟图跑，可要知道的是每个过程的功能。
相关的网站1
相关的网站2




jar test


waste water通常是指industrial waste water和municipal waste water。
industrial waste water是工厂的废物。
municipal waste water 是厕所的废物。
要知道的是它的treatment过程。



相关的网站

Water supplies: water quantity, surface water supplies, reservoirs, groundwater. Water treatment systems. Physical treatment processes: screening, mixing and flocculation, clarification and sedimentation of discrete particles, filtration. Chemical treatment processes: chemical considerations, water softening, iron and manganese removal, chemical disinfection, taste and odour,

Wastewater engineering: characteristic of wastewater, screening, primary treatment , secondary treatment, aeration system, sludge treatment, disposal of sludge

kiansan

原帖由 NBD8669 于 28-4-2006 09:07 AM 发表
简单来讲这科是surveyor所要学的东西。surveyor简称为土地测量师，也就是测量土地的高低和斜度。我们要知道的equipments也只有三个，那就是total station,theodolites和levelling。所需要知道的是要知道它们的功能，如何setting up,如何计算results等等。这科是比较注重lab的，让我们从practical学习。

Leveling Staff和Dumpy Level是嗎﹖


[ 本帖最后由 kiansan 于 1-5-2006 09:25 PM 编辑 ]

NBD8669

原帖由 kiansan 于 1-5-2006 09:23 PM 发表

Leveling Staff和Dumpy Level是嗎﹖

是的。谢谢你的纠正。
levelling是讲它的过程。

NBD8669

想起这科，我是最头痛的一科。soil mechanics可要分成两个semester来完成的。
在part 1里，可要学的东西可真多。soil mechanics的四个主要soil，clay,silts,sand和gravel。要详细的清楚它们的desciption和classification。过后就深入了解soil被水渗入后会有怎样的后果。所有的soil都是可被水渗入的（permeable material)。这样我们就可知道它们的渗透的程度（permeability)。当水在流，我们就可以称它为seepage。通常，水会从高压力的地方去低压力的。我们就要学会算它的flow。接下来，我们就要记得一个人，那就是father of soil，Terzaghi。他介绍principle of effective stress。
effective stress = total normal stress - pore water pressure
解释


接下来的是shear strength。当我们将soil compact后，soil就可以变成一个固定的形状。我们就用适当的stress来shear它，等它有裂痕而分开。这都是lab experiment所要做的东西。



最后，我们要学的是怎样看borehole log。



将会进行的lab experiment
constant head and falling head test
shear box test
triaxial compression test
shear vane test
oedometer test

Origins and composition of soil. Classification of soils for engineering purposes. Basic physical properties of soils. Groundwater, pore pressure and effective stress. Soil permeability and seepage: coefficient of permeability, seepage velocity and seepage pressure, constant head and falling head tests, field permeability tests, two dimensional flow, flow net, seepage through earth dam and embankments, seepage in anisotropic soils, instability due to seepage and dewatering excavations. Measurement of shear strength: shear strength and friction model, shear box test, triaxial compression test, variations in undrained strength, sensitivity of clays, pore pressure coefficients A and B, shear vane test and estimates of shear strength parameters from index tests. Consolidation theory: oedometer test, void ratio-pressure plots, normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays. Site investigation and in-situ testing. Laboratory and field testing of soils.

NBD8669

这科仔细来讲是要知道一个project manager要会的东西，theory part的东西占多。虽然是很简单，不过每一个步骤都要详细和策划好的。
第一个步骤：project definition
--主要是developer的project大纲。就例如：起什么建筑物，地点等等。
第二个步骤：project scope
--主要是解释project的重点，例如：详细的解释用什么的材料，用多少的材料等等。
第三个步骤：project budgeting
--主要是预算整个project的开支，要配合developer所给的费用。
第四个步骤：project planning
--主要是分配员工，员工的人数。
第五个步骤：project scheduling
--主要是弄好这个project的时间表和行程。这可将project的费用减到最低。
第六个步骤：project tracking
--主要是将project完成后的工，行程和花费，和预算的比较。
第七个步骤：project close out
--主要是当整个project完成后，检查所有的问题，去申请的文件，确定可回收的费用等等。
才交回给developer或owner。




相关的网站1
相关的网站2

Principles of management: planning and decision making, organizing, leading and leadership and controlling. Project management: characteristics of projects, engineering economic analysis, project screening and selection, structuring the project, project scheduling, project budget, project control, computer support and project termination. Construction engineering: civil engineering construction processes, methods and techniques : construction contracts, construction machinery and equipment and construction safety.

NBD8669

这科主要是学怎样算出每个joint的force reaction和moment。我们会专注在trusses和frames那边来分析里面的beam和column的reaction。首先我们要先学会怎样算出dead load和live load。dead load通常是column，beam，slab，roofing等等的死物的重量。live load是某些东西只是暂时性会在那个structure上的重量，例如人，汽车等等的。过后我们就要知道每个support connection，它们可以分为pin support，roller support和fixed joint。我们就从free body diagram那边找出equation of equilibrium。整个structure的total vertical force和total horizontal force等于0。total moment也等于0。当我们知道所有的unknown后，我们也就可以plot shear force diagram和bending moment diagram。influence line可以让我们看出整个structure的stability。正当beam在support着live load时，我们试想象那个beam就会deflect的，所以我们也要学会算deflection。算出beam的deflection的程度。会有几个method可算出，以moment-area method和conjugate beam method比较重要。最后我们也要会算cable support的tension of cable。

trusses


frames


support connection


free body diagram



equation of equilibrium





influence line


相关的网站

Fundamental concepts: forces, actions and reactions; free-body diagrams, equilibrium, displacements, stiffness, flexibility, compatibility, boundary conditions, work and energy, virtual work, energy methods. Influence line and Moving loads, Calculation of deflection by moment area method Statically determinate structures: statically determinacy and stability; reaction forces for planar and non-planar structures; matrix formulation of trusses and frames;; matrix formulation of the truss deflection problems; truss deflections by energy methods; matrix formulation of space frame analysis.

小弟今年才中三
但小弟早已立志要当一位工程师
刚刚看完哥哥的帖后
很想问哥哥您拿份报告
小弟也要问哥哥您已经成为一为出名的工程师了吗？

NBD8669

原帖由 davidlby 于 13-5-2006 10:35 PM 发表
小弟今年才中三
但小弟早已立志要当一位工程师
刚刚看完哥哥的帖后
很想问哥哥您拿份报告
小弟也要问哥哥您已经成为一为出名的工程师了吗？

我才刚刚毕业罢了，现在还在享受着。。。
目前才开始找工。。。
其实我没有什么的报告的，楼上的东西都是根据我的记忆力和参考书写出来的，我的notes之内的东西，很多都丢了。。。

SotPlak

啊。。。课程纲要完全跟我的一模一样~~~~


呵呵~~当然咯。。楼主是跟我是同一间大学的`~~ 哈哈哈哈。。。

NBD8669

这科主要是当起一个建筑物时，那建筑物完全是用steel组成的，要学会的东西是怎样用适当和经济的steel来做column,beam,base plate,L-angle等等。我们所用的steel grade是grade 43和grade 50。通常我们会选择I字的beam，H字的column的。一开始时，我们要开始算出beam或column等等的loading是多少，过后我们就可以算出bending moment或是axial load等的东西，用steelwork design来选出适当的steel。steelwork design包含着不同的steel和steel的section properties等等的资料。当放了适当的steel，我们就要学会checking，check buckling,bearing capacity等等的东西。我们做所有的checking是根据BS 5950(structural use of steelwork in building)的。除了这些，我们还要会tension steel的checking，那就是tension member和tension connection。最后我们会学到beam to beam connection的checking。

I-BEAM


H-COLUMN



L-ANGLE


TENSION MEMBER


STEEL之间的BOLT


BEAM TO BEAM CONNECTION





Methods of analysis, limit state approach, general members, design of members subjected to bending, design of members subjected to combined actions, design of connections, design of members subjected to axial tension, design of multistorey buildings.