对不起，日本：靖国神社不是阿灵顿

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Japan’s prime minister Shinzo Abe made a well-planned and well-publicized visit to the Yasukuni Shrine on Christmas Day in the United States. The Shrine gives special recognition to war criminals tried after Japan's surrender in 1945 and has long been an unhappy reminder of the vast damage Japan inflicted upon Asians and Westerners during World War II. Nevertheless, Abe brushed aside criticism by saying that going to Yasukuni is no different than an American president’s visit to Arlington National Cemetery.

在美国正值圣诞之日，日本首相安倍晋三对靖国神社进行了精心安排的访问并做了大肆地宣传。靖国神社给予了在1945年日本投降后受审战犯特殊的认同。很长一段时间以来，提到它总是会使人想起日本在二战期间对亚洲和西方人民造成巨大伤害的不快记忆。然而，安倍为了扫除批评的舆论，解释说自己参拜靖国神社就如同美国总统祭奠阿灵顿公墓一样。

This analogy is mistaken, and the differences between the two places explain why the Prime Minister's visit is so provocative. The two memorials share neither the same history nor spirit. Although both were the result of civil wars, Yasukuni now focuses on the idealization of the Pacific Theater of WWII, while Arlington records the continuing sorrow of a nation.

将参拜靖国神社和祭奠阿灵顿公墓相提并论是不对的，这两个地方的不同说明了为什么安倍首相的参拜是如此具有挑衅意味。这两个纪念地背后的历史和蕴含的精神都不相同。尽管两者都是内战的产物，但靖国神社的幻想目前集中在二战的太平洋战场上，而阿灵顿记录的则是一个国家持续经历的悲伤。

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Arlington National Cemetery was created from the estate of General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederacy’s armies. Occupying Union Brig. Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs appropriated the grounds around the mansion in 1864 to use as a military cemetery. Meigs wanted to ensure that if the Lee family returned, tombstones and widows in mourning would surround their home. The intent was for Lee's estate to symbolize the pain and suffering caused by the South's engaging in the Civil War.

阿灵顿国家公墓这块地方原先是南方军指挥官Robert E. Lee将军的地产。在1864年，占领这里的北方军准将Montgomery C. Meigs将宅邸周围的土地用来作为军人的墓地。Meigs想要确保要是Lee的家族再回到这里，会看到墓碑和哀伤的寡妇包围了他们的家。Meigs这么做的意图是要使用Lee的地产来象征在内战中与南方军交战所带来的伤痛和苦难。

Unlike Yasukuni, Arlington is a cemetery. The bodies or ashes of those who served and their family members are interred on the grounds. The fallen will continue to rest there as long as the United States exists.

与靖国神社不同，阿灵顿是一个公墓。那些为国效力者和他们家人的遗体或骨灰被埋葬在这里。只要美国尚存，那些逝去者都将在此安息。

None of this is true at Yasukuni. It is a religious shrine established in 1869 to embed the supremacy of the Shinto faith, the divinity of the Emperor, and the centrality of the Imperial institution into the national polity. At Yasukuni, those fighting for the Emperor from the civil wars of mid-nineteenth century Japan through the end of the Pacific War were transformed into divine spirits to join as one with the Emperor. Here the common foot soldier was rewarded in death by becoming equal to the Emperor.

上述几点对靖国神社来说都是不成立的。靖国神社是于1869年建立的宗

教神社，用来宣扬神道教的至高无上、日本天皇的神圣和国家政权中帝

国主义的核心地位。在靖国神社中，那些从19世纪中期的日本内战到太

平洋战争结束期间为天皇而战死的人被转化为神圣的精神，并合为一体

与天皇同在。在这里，死亡是对普通士兵的奖励，因为死后能够和天皇

拥有同等的地位。

At Arlington, men and women of all religions and races are buried. At Yasukuni only Shinto is practiced and only the souls of identified and approved members of Imperial Japan's military who died on the battlefield can be apotheosized with the Emperor. There are many exceptions, such as the fourteen Class A war criminals who were hanged or died in Sugamo Prison after the Pacific War. Further, some Japanese social classes are not allowed; and the unknown are not represented.

在阿灵顿，不同性别、不同信仰、不同种族的人都可以埋葬在此。而在靖国神社中行使的只有神道教，只有那些被认定并证明是死于战场的日本帝国军人的灵魂才能与天皇一起被尊为神灵。但其中有很多例外，比如在太平洋战争后被判处绞刑或死在巢鸭监狱的14名甲级战犯。并且，日本某些社会阶层的人是被不允许加入靖国神社的，神社中也没有那些无名死者的位置。

Yasukuni is now a private park that hosts religious rites as well as festivals. To the left (south) of the main sanctuary, behind often-locked gates, is the Chinreisha, a small shrine which pacifies the souls of Imperial Japan’s enemies so that they will not cause trouble to the living. Encircling the property are a series of small memorial shrines created by various Japanese WWII military units including the notorious Kempeitai (Military Police).

目前靖国神社是私人公园，会在其中举办宗教仪式和节日庆典。在主殿的左边（南方），有一扇总是被锁住的门，门后坐落着的是镇灵社。这是一座小型的神龛，用来平定日本帝国敌人的灵魂，使得他们不会对活人造成麻烦。靖国神社的四周是一系列小型的神龛，由不同的日本二战军事单位建立，其中包括臭名昭著的宪兵队（军事警察）。

There is also a modern museum, Yushukan, glorifying wartime deeds. The Yushukan displays memorabilia and technology of past conflicts, especially the “Greater Asian War” and related “incidents.” The narrative boasts of how Japan liberated Asia from the Western colonialists after the United States “tricked” Japan into the war. Little is said of the atomic bomb or defeat. The Shrine’s website states “the truth of Japanese history is now restored.”

靖国神社中也有一座现代的展览馆，叫做游就馆，用来美化日本战时的

行为。游就馆展示了关于过去战争的记事和技术，尤其是“大亚洲战

争”以及相关的“事件”。这些叙述吹嘘日本在被美国“骗”入战争后是如何

从西方殖民者手中解放亚洲的。而关于原子弹和战败的事则很少被提

及。靖国神社的网站上写道“真正的日本历史正被修复”。

In contrast, Arlington does not dwell on the glory of any war or push one interpretation, providing instead a neutral ground upon which people can mourn and reflect. Arlington’s website is subdued and factual. It reviews the rules for interment, outlines the property, and notes the famous people buried there. The grounds of Arlington National Cemetery, says the website, are to “provide a sense of beauty and peace.”

与之相对的，阿灵顿公墓没有去注重任何一场战争的荣耀或者为战争给出一个解释。而是为人们提供了一块可以在之上面进行哀悼和沉思的中立之地。阿灵顿的网站柔和而真实。它综述了葬礼的规则，概括了所有权，点出了埋葬在此的名人。网站写道，阿灵顿国家公墓是要“提供一种美丽和宁静”。

The spiritual center of Arlington is the Tomb of the Unknown, which consists of four crypts containing remains of an American from each of WWI, WWII, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. These represent both the collective sacrifice and grief of the country.

在精神上，阿灵顿公墓的中心是无名战士墓。它包括四个地下墓穴，其中分别容纳了一战、二战、朝鲜战争以及越南战争时期的遗体。这些都体现了这个国家的集体牺牲和悲伤。

At Yasukuni, the unknown cannot be deified. Thus, in 1959, the Japanese government created near Yasukuni Chidorigafuchi a public park that contains a crypt for the ashes of thousands of unknown soldiers, sailors, and likely civilians who died in the Pacific War. Every year, coinciding with Memorial Day in the United States, there is an official ceremony attended by the Prime Minister, a member of the Imperial Family, and foreign ambassadors to add new ashes to the ossuary.

由于在靖国神社中不能祭祀无名者。因此，日本政府在1959年于靖国神社千鸟之渊附近建立了一个公共公园。公园中有一个墓穴用于放置数以千计在太平洋战争时期死亡的无名士兵和平民的骨灰。和美国阵亡将士纪念日类似，每年在这里都会有一个官方仪式，由日本首相、一位皇室成员和外国大使出席，将新的骨灰放入尸骨罐中。

Most important, one of the criteria for those buried at Arlington is an honorable discharge. Those court-martialed, tried for war crimes, or convicted of a felony cannot be interred. This is not the case for Yasukuni. In addition to the fourteen convicted war criminals who were found responsible for carrying forward the Pacific War, there are thousands who violated both Japanese and international laws. Notable is Washio Awochi (sometimes spelled Awachi) a civilian manager of a comfort station in Batavia (Jarkarta) who was convicted by a 1946 Dutch wars crimes tribunal (Case No. 76) of forcing Dutch women to be Comfort Women (sex slaves). He died in a Batavia jail.

最重要的是，光荣退役是能否安葬在阿灵顿公墓之中的标准之一。那些被军事法庭审判、被判有战争罪或者定了重罪的人不能够葬在这里。在靖国神社就不同了。除了那14个要为推动太平洋战争负责的战犯外，神社里还供有数千个同时触犯了日本法律和国际法律的人。臭名昭著的有青地鹫雄，他是位于巴达维亚（雅加达）一个慰安所中的一名平民管理者。他因为强迫荷兰女人当慰安妇（性奴隶），在1946年被荷兰军事法庭判处有罪。他最后死在了巴达维亚的一所监狱中。

Yasukuni is about rejecting the judgments of the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. Many Japanese still believe that Imperial Japan should not be subject to the rules or values created by the West. The Tribunal is deemed “victor’s justice.” To emphasize this point, a large monument to the Tribunal’s Indian Judge Radha Binod Pal, who questioned the legitimacy its judgments, stands on a plaza at the Shrine.

靖国神社就像是对远东国际军事法庭裁决的反对。很多日本人仍然相信日本帝国不应该屈服于西方制定的规则和价值观之下。这场审判被看作是“胜利者的正义”。为了强调这一点，日本在神社的广场上建了一座当时法庭中印度法官Radha Binod Pal的巨大雕像。这位法官对这次审判的合法性进行了质疑。

Arlington, by contrast, makes no moral or political judgments about either American military policy or about the individual soldiers buried there. Americans do not visit the cemetery to worship them. And unlike their Japanese counterparts, American politicians do not come to Arlington to make statements about current foreign policy. Indeed, any effort to go beyond recognition of the sacrifices made by American would backfire internally as well as externally. But for Japan’s conservative leaders, Yasukuni has become a tacit political expression of Japanese defiance and autonomy.

与之相对的，阿灵顿公墓不对于美国的军事政策亦或是安葬在这里的单个士兵进行道德或政治上的评价。美国人不会通过拜访墓地来崇拜他们。不像那些日本官员，美国政治家也不会到阿灵顿去陈述当前的外交政策。实际上，任何对美国作出的牺牲做出过分赞誉的尝试都可能在内部和外部得到适得其反的效果。但是对日本保守派的领导者而言，靖国神社已经成为了日本想要反抗和自治的一种无声的政治表述。

A visit to Yasukuni has always been a political act. War is presented as a noble and glorious sacrifice preserving Japan’s Imperial institution. Originally, the Emperor used it to unite his nation with his divinity. Today, Yasukuni allows a Prime Minister to assert Japan’s independence and recast its past.

对靖国神社的参拜一直是一种政治行为。战争被

描述成是高尚的，通过光荣的牺牲保存了日本的

帝国制度。当初，天皇用靖国神社和自己的神性

来团结他的国家。而现今靖国神社让又首相能够

宣称日本的独立性和重铸日本的过去。

The rites, the grounds, and museum all focus on Japan's Pacific War. The Shrine is for Imperial Japan. No postwar soldier is allowed deification. The story Yasukuni wants to tell is that an industrially sophisticated Japan liberated a backward Asia and that their fellow Asians should be grateful.

这些仪式、场地和展览馆所侧重的全是日本的太平洋战争。靖国神社为

的就是日本帝国。从没有战后的士兵被允许死后加入神社祭祀。靖国神

社想要说的故事就是工业化成熟的日本解放了落后的亚洲，他们的亚洲

同伴应该心怀感激。

Today, the Shrine serves mostly as a protest against those who do not accept this narrative. The Shrine tacitly rejects the international and national legal underpinnings of postwar Japan—the Peace Treaty and the Constitution. Abe making an official visit as prime minister to honor the selected souls at Yasukuni blurs the separation between Japan’s religious and political institutions and suggests that the Emperor has regained his divinity. Both are central to the legitimacy of modern Japan.

现在靖国神社主要是作为对不接受这种说法的人们的一种抗议。靖国神社无声地反对着战后日本的国际和国内法律基础，即和平条约和日本宪法。安倍以首相的身份对靖国神社进行正式访问，赞誉那些被选中的灵魂，模糊了日本的宗教和政治体系之间的界限，暗示了天皇已经重新获得了他的神圣性。这两点对于日本的正统性都是核心的问题。

The Yasukuni Shrine is about declaring victory. The Emperor God was right, the victorious foreigners were wrong. Yasukuni is not about contrition or reflection, but about certainty. There, Japan did not lose the war. Imperial Japan, when Japanese were said to noble, selfless and brave, is longed for as a better time. Yasukuni is a place of defiance, and this is what separates it most from places of memory like Arlington National Cemetery.

靖国神社想要宣告胜利。天皇才是正确的，那些获胜的外国人全是错

的。靖国神社要的不是悔悟和沉思，而是要去肯定。在那里，日本没有

输掉战争。日本帝国是无私的勇敢的，渴望一个更好的时代。靖国神社

是一个具有挑衅意味的地方，这一点就是它与像阿灵顿国家公墓那样的

纪念地不同的地方。

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说实话，日本人的思路确实奇怪。一股自说自话，自以为是，自我中心的味道。

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原文地址：http://nationalinterest.org/comm ... gton-9718?page=show

devilredcantona

很详细报导

pes2013

又是這種東西